The advancement of programming tools (e.g., C++ and Java) and consumer-electronic de-
vices (e.g., cell phones) created problems and new requirements. The integration of soft-
ware components from various languages proved difficult, and installation problems were
common because new versions of shared components were incompatible with old software.
Developers also discovered they needed Web-based applications that could be accessed
and used via the Internet. As a result of mobile electronic device popularity, software de-
velopers realized that their clients were no longer restricted to desktop computers. Devel-
opers recognized the need for software that was accessible to anyone and available via
almost any type of device. To address these needs, Microsoft announced its .NET (pro-
nounced “dot-net”) initiative and the C# (pronounced “C-Sharp”) programming language.
great variety of devices (even cell phones) and to desktop computers. The platform offers
a new software-development model that allows applications created in disparate program-
ming languages to communicate with each other. The C# programming language, devel-
oped at Microsoft by a team led by Anders Hejlsberg and Scott Wiltamuth, was designed
specifically for the .NET platform as a language that would enable programmers to migrate
easily to .NET. This migration is made easy due to the fact that C# has roots in C, C++ and
Java, adapting the best features of each and adding new features of its own. Because C# has
been built upon such widely used and well-developed languages, programmers will find
learning C# to be easy and enjoyable.
C# is an event-driven, fully object-oriented, visual programming language in which
programs are created using an Integrated Development Environment (IDE). With the IDE,
a programmer can create, run, test and debug C# programs conveniently, thereby reducing
the time it takes to produce a working program to a fraction of the time it would have taken
without using the IDE. The process of rapidly creating an application using an IDE is typ-
ically referred to as Rapid Application Development (RAD).
C# also enables a new degree of language interoperability: Software components from
different languages can interact as never before. Developers can package even old software
to work with new C# programs. In addition, C# applications can interact via the Internet,
using industry standards such as the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) and XML,
which we discuss in Chapter 18, Extensible Markup Language (XML). The programming
advances embodied in .NET and C# will lead to a new style of programming, in which
applications are created from building blocks available over the Internet.
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